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Alvarado created four racial stereotypes to show the key themes in ethnicity, these were: exotic, dangerous, humorous and pitied. This is used in Hotel Babylon as it shows how the different ethnicities get treated. 

Binary opposite is when two related terms are opposite in the meaning. An example is also used in Hotel Babylon as it shows white and black people working in the same hotel, but the white people seem to be superior as they are treated much better.

Class is a division of society based on social and economic status. The different classes are lower, middle and upper class. An example of this is used in Downton Abbey as the classes are distinctively shown here. The lower working class get treated very different to those who are higher. 

Diegetic sound is a source of sound that is coming from the actual scene. An example is dialogue from a character which is used in the majority of all TV dramas, films etc. 

Ethnicity is the common features of a group (race etc.). This is once again used in Hotel Babylon as it shows any ethnic group (other than white people) are discriminated against, this is shown when the police are trying to get rid of the immigrants. 

Female gaze is how work is presented from a female perspective, it means attracting using men in a sexual way to attract females. 

Gender is the stereotype of men and women. It is commonly stereotyped that men are more powerful than women. A example of this is the TV drama Our Girl which counteracts this. This is because she is a female lead out in the war who is powerful. 

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Jump cut is when it transitions from one scene to the other very fast and sudden. This is mainly used in action films to build tension. 

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Leon Festinger was best known for his cognitive dissonance and social comparison theory. An example is him being used to explain the popularity of Hotel Babylon. This is because they used popular stereotypes which everyone seemed to agree with. This is because they showed the immigrants as the antagonist.

Male gaze presents women as objects and to attract men by using sexualised women. An example is Beyonces music video '1+1'. This is because she is shown wearing very little clothing and is keeping close eye contact with the viewer.

Non diegetic sound is sound that isn't actually happening in the film or from the characters. An example is background music which is used in lots of films to set the scene, it is used in Downton Abbey. 

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Parallel editing is used to combine two or more scenes that are happening continuously, but in different locations. Once again, this tends to be used in action films.

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Regional identity refers to the area that someone is from. An example of this is used in Doc Martin. This is because it shows the stereotypes of the Cornwall area. This includes the living 'backwards' as they have old fashioned life styles and not up to date with new technology. 

Status is how much authority you have in the social world. This means that if you are a higher class, you have more status than those who are lower. Again, Downton Abbey shows this by the upper classes having more privileges and not having to do the harder jobs.

Todorov's narrative theory suggests all narratives follow his theory  This means that all TV Dramas follow this plot/story line. The theory is: equilibrium, distribution, recognition, attempt and new equilibrium.

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Xenophobia is when something is disliked because it is from another country. This is used in Hotel Babylon because the white people do not like the immigrants and they try to get rid of them. 

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Zoom is when the camera gets closer to an object or person. This can signify that it is important. An example of this is used in Doc Martin when it zooms in on the teacher that Doc is looking, this is used to build tension.